Aluminum or Aluminium Element Facts

Explain the impact and changes in Europe as a result of...

Explain the impact and changes in Europe as a result of the invasions of the Vikings? While the Arabs from the south and the nomadic Hungarians from the east ransacked and tormented Europe, the Vikings produced the majority of the chaos, creating more and longer-lasting effects in Europe during their short existence as explorers and conquerors. Some of the motivational factors that initiated the Viking invasions were: The death of Charlemagne, the consecutive weakening of the Frankish Empire and a Baltic Sea with a fragile and broken down trade. But one of the main factors for the actions of the Vikings was the growing population of young Vikings looking for settlement, adventure and wealth. The Vikings were highly knowledgeable†¦show more content†¦During a period of time known as the Pax Mongolica, there was peace and harmony among territories controlled by the Mongol Empire, a peace that lasted about a century allowing the restoration of trade routes. One of those routes was the silk route which permitted trade of new goods from Asia to Europe, cultural exchanges and knowledge. A figure that emerged from the trade and exploration of the silk route is Marco Polo. The unification of Russia came as a positive aspect under the period of Mongol control. Before the Mongols, the Russian population was separated and organized into small self governing regions, but in order for the Russian people to defeat the Mongol empire, they had to unite. The Mongol’s were defeated in 1480, thanks to the unification of the Russian people under the leading of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Since then, Russia has been invaded many times but never conquered again. One of the most important contributions of the Mongols to Europe was the introduction of gun powder and guns. One can say that gun powder sparked revolutions, weapons innovations, modern military welfare, trade route control and European colonialism around the word. Explain the impact and changes in Europe as a result of the invasions of the Ottoman Turks? With the taking of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 and with the black sea and its routes under their

Children relationship with adults Free Essays

By considering children age groups and cultural differences, I shall explore the various approaches taken to building relationships with adults at different stages and discuss the influences and effects it has on a child’s development. I will also demonstrate the ways in which understanding children’s development contributes to building positive and successful relationships. Children have emotional needs and are able to express and communicate them from birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Children relationship with adults or any similar topic only for you Order Now As research has shown â€Å"In order to have a secure base from which to explore the world, be resilient to stress, and form meaningful relationships with adults, babies need a primary adult who cares for them in sensitive ways and who perceives, make sense of the responds to their needs†. This attentiveness approach of interaction in a child’s early stages of development forms a bond of trust, promoting confidence and self-esteem within the child, which would contribute in building meaningful relationships with adults around him/her. (from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/parenting_bonding_reactive_attachment_disorder.m) However, different circumstances and experiences do not always allow adults to respond to the child’s needs accordingly, which can have a huge influence on a relationship. For example, Charlotte had a traumatic start in life as a consequence of her parent’s separation shortly after her birth. She was frequently moved between the two parents and lacked the appropriate care and attention she needed in order to form a secure bond. Her parent’s â€Å"were too busy fighting and arguing†¦..to worry about the children,† Charlotte’s mother, Emma, recalls. Emma also assumed and hoped that Charlotte â€Å"won’t remember that far back†¦.because she was too young†, which indicates Emma’s limited knowledge and understanding of child development. As the relationship between Emma and Charlotte was unpredictable, inconsistent and unstable, it resulted in Charlotte feeling very insecure and uncertain of her mother’s love. As we learn from ‘The Strange Situation Test’ (Understanding Children (2007) DVD Band 2) and by the age of two, Emma describes their relationship as â€Å"a constant battle of wills†. Young children are subject to constant and inevitable changes, which would influence their development. For instance, the transaction of children into the reception class in school is a major change, where the expectations and values they gained at home are challenged (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.86). This can have a negative affect on a relationship between a child and his carer, where the child is struggling to adjust to its new surroundings and his/hers behaviour becoming challenging, since many children become unsettled when starting school. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.63). As young children at this stage of development have limited experiences, talking about their feelings, their fears and concerns can come out in ways that can be misunderstood and misinterpreted by the adult as misbehaving. For example, Ryan’s reluctance to keep to a specific bedtime caused problems in the relationship with his parents. During the parent strategies exploration of responses to deal with the child’s difficulty, Jodie and Eamon’s approaches to the ‘problem’ were different. Initially they inflicted power over Ryan by threatening to smack him, shouting and punishing him, which resulted in a conflict in their relationship. On seeking advice, they discovered a more collaborative approach, such as spending special time with Ryan before bedtime. By doing so, it promoted his confidence and encouraged him to express his feelings, which enabled Jodie to have a better understanding of Ryan’s thinking process. This account demonstrates the significance of experiences that occur in a child’s life, which should not be underestimated by the adult. It also shows, that in order to resolve family conflict it is best to have a direct and open communication where young children are concerned, which helps in achieving a successful relationship. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.84-85) As with the parents, schools also have a responsibility to deal with children’s emotional welfare, as well as their physical health and are encouraged to do so by using activities, which enable children to understand their own feelings and by building their confidence to learn, such as ‘circle time’. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.105 {DfEE, 1999, p.16}) This approach focuses on the children themselves, contributing to their self-esteem through development of their listening, speaking and co-operation skills. By using this activity the children’s relationship with their teacher is built on trust and respect. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.106) As children grow and become young people, they are expected to take on more responsibilities at home as well as spend more time on schoolwork. Involving children with different chores around the household would help them gain independency by developing a range of skills. Activities’ such as, cooking, cleaning, shopping and even looking after other members of the family, helps children develop their communication, intellectual, self-help and practical skills. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.144) In considering cultural differences, South Asian children are also expected to contribute to the family economy, which helps to develop their business skills. For instance, Sammy is expected to help out in the family take-away business and accepts this as part of her cultural up bringing. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.137). Furthermore, in societies where the main concern of the family is survival due to poverty, children work alongside adults by necessity (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.65) as we can learn from Bilkis’s and Tinco’s daily lives. (Understanding Children {2007} DVD band 6) However, with these great expectations of expanding children’s responsibilities, parents are still reluctant to involve children with matters that affect their lives due to their limited life experiences. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.116-117) Nevertheless, studies have shown that by this age, children understand and accept the complexities of family life and want to be part of this, by being consulted and want to participate in decisions making. (Rai and Flynn 2004, p.133). Therefore, in order to maintain a successful relationship, it is crucial for adults to understand children’s needs as well as their responsibilities by maintaining an open communication and not taking children’s contributions to family life for granted. Conclusion Building successful relationships with children is a complex process. It requires patience and attentive care by adults from infancy through to adulthood. By understanding normal child development, it enables the adult to respond to the child’s need positively and establish a secure attachment. Furthermore, as children are subjected to constant changes, their adjustment to these changes is determined by understanding, the expectation and approaches of the adult, in order for the child to deal and respond positively. To achieve this, adults must maintain open and consistent communication, which will contribute to the child’s confidence and self-esteem where they will feel valued and important members of society. Therefore, to achieve successful relationships with children, it is crucial for caretakers to have an understanding of child development. Word count: 1,144 Task 2 Since I started this course, I feel that my organisational and efficiency skills have improved through learning to work under pressure and to a deadline in producing and submitting an assignment. I must say that during this course, the concept and understanding of academic studies, such as writing and structure of an essay, was a real eye opener for me, as in my past studies where children are concerned, my written evidence findings were based on own practice and personal experiences. The strengths of my study skills are in understanding the written materials. Being a single mother, I not only relate to the course subject ,but I have also gained positive and negative feedback from my own experiences in raising two young boys from the given information, as I am essentially living and practising it. With the help of my tutor’s written and telephone feedback, my academic writing skills have improved considerably from the first to the second essay. However, I feel I have only touched the surface and still find it difficult to gather and select relevant evidence to back up my work, which I consider to be my weakness. In order to make further improvements, I would like to continue to undertake further relevant academic courses and develop my confidence with writing skills, as it is said, ‘practice makes perfect!’. How to cite Children relationship with adults, Papers

Sensitive Groups And Social Issues Essay Example For Students

Sensitive Groups And Social Issues Essay Sensitive Groups And Social Issues Essay Many factors have contributed to the heightened awareness of sensitive groups and social issues where marketing is concerned. The article Sensitive Groups and Social Issues has brought to light the causes, pitfalls, pro-active strategies, and benefits of addressing these social issues. Due to the fact that consumer markets and values are constantly changing, it is important to address these issues head on. A few of the key issues discussed in the article that relate to the text readings are the marketing concept, social responsibility, and changing demographics. Addressing such issues will not only satisfy the sensitive and social groups involved, but open new and potentially profitable opportunities for companies that do so. One of the main points that I found useful in the article was how marketing to sensitive and social groups paralleled that of the marketing concept. Successful companies have to fill the needs and wants of their consumers. Sensitive and social groups are part of every companies market. Each companys products and services should be customized to that of their customers. This is called mass customization. How a company defines its social responsibility is also part of the marketing concept. If a company does not care to be viewed as socially responsible, then they will not care how they market products to those groups and the company will suffer. Relationship marketing is a part of the marketing concept and strongly applies to this article. A company wants to build trust with its customers in order to build customer loyalty and a long-term bond. This gives the customer a value-added feature of doing business with a particular company. In marketing orientated companies, the customers needs have to be targeted and different social classes or issues need to be taken into account. If a company does not take different sensitive and social groups into account when marketing, then they will not build a feeling of goodwill with the consumers. The consumer will think that the firm cares more about selling its goods than the consumer. The firms social responsibility should be taken into account and work hand-in-hand with the marketing concept. A firms interests may not portray societies best interests. This is where the societal marketing concept comes into play. Our text states that the marketing concept can be work together with social responsibility. The firm must extend the breadth and time dimension of its marketing goals. A company has to realize that their market is anyone affected by their product or service. This is known as the breadth of marketing goals. The time dimension of the marketing goals means that a company should view the long-term implications of their objectives. Firms that are able to do this will be satisfying various sensitive and social groups as outlined in the article. Consumer values certainly have changed over the past decade or so. Companies need to pay special attention to ethics in marketing. Many consumers today are educated consumers. They cannot be swayed with deceptive advertising and unethical tactics. These types of tactics will destroy any trust or relationships that a company has built with the public or its consumers. I myself feel offended when a company tries to use unethical tactics or advertising to get me to buy. Also, if I receive a product that does not meet my expectations based on the advertising, I will never buy from them again. Many people today expect good service and quality. The differential advantage comes with value added features. Changing demographics has played a significant role in the emergence of the sensitive groups and social issues. This is one reason that a company will need to perform a situational analysis before developing a marketing program. The analysis will have to include the monitoring of environmental factors, as well as others. As the article states, the growth of cultural markets such as Asian American, African American, and Hispanics has played a large part in these changing demographics. These sensitive and social groups will force companies to market products and services correctly to them. Endurance Essay Another contributing factor to this situation is the changing role of men and women. More and more women are entering the work force, which adds to .

Moon Landing exercise Essay Example

Moon Landing exercise Paper Moon Landing Exercise What went well and what are areas of improvement? The team performance on Moon landing exercise was much better than the individual performance which was the first thing that went well as a group. The learning from this task was, for complex task there is potential for better results with team. Also the team should be a bag of mix individuals from different fields, skill sets and knowledge domain and not from similar background for complex task. As a team we had a fairly good involvement in the task. Except for Magnetic compass, mostly everyone was clear on the item on the list and its possible usage. Towards the end of the game, the team had common purpose and it resulted in lesser conflict and better communications. After reflecting on what happened during the game and what we learned in the classroom and going through the material, it seems that there are lot of areas for improvement. The moment we were asked to start ranking as a team, every individual was pushing for the ranking given by him as the teams ranking. This led to personality conflict resulting in more communication demand and time loss. We will write a custom essay sample on Moon Landing exercise specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Moon Landing exercise specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Moon Landing exercise specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As the time passed, everyone realized that we were lagging behind and our main objective is to come up with team ranking for critical items required for survival to reach the mother ship. The moment we had common purpose, discussions were more insightful, logical and knowledge oriented. During the last ten minutes of exercise the team had higher level of conscientiousness. In the latter half of the game we were clear about the significance of the task. The first learning is that instead of straight away Jumping in completing the task, the initial time should be spent on identifying the task and its significance. This will help the team to focus on common purpose of the task. During the course of task, there were personality conflicts, discussions diverting from the task at hand and lesser contribution from some members. This led to poorer performance of the team. To perform effectively, a team not only needs people with technical expertise but also with good interpersonal skills who are good listeners and an play various roles to avoid strained internal process and decreased overall performance. We had various people playing different roles. Most of us were playing roles of the controller, assessor and adviser. Due to which we were taking longer time to conclude. There were few who were maintainer and listeners, while some were not that much involved. As a good manager or leader it is to ensure that every member of the team is not only motivated but also actively participates to increase the team As the time pressure increased, certain people took over the responsibility of linker ND promoter which helped us sail through the task and conclude faster. To sum up the entire exercise, following things are critical for teams success. 1) Understanding of the task and its significance. Skill sets required to complete the task. 2) To arrive at the common purpose of the task and integrated goal. 3) Identify the people with different interpersonal skill sets and assign them with various roles and responsibility to avoid conflicts and negative atmosphere among the members. 4) Lastly a team needs timely resources, good leadership and accountability. Word count: 552

Free Essays on Creationism Vs. Science

and extravagant language. While he continuously writes about the fact that people misunderstand that science is not a monolithic being, he speaks in a high handed way that does not lend it’s self to forwarding his cause. Though he speaks of trying to educate the masses about the sciences he treats his readers as if they were philistines. While the American people may or may not have a tendency to portray themselves as such, Dr. Eldredge has the responsibility as the author to include them. While I agree with Dr. Eldredge on his basic principles I feel that he goes about explaining these beliefs in an almost violent way. It seems that his essay was written either while he was under great stress or after freshly being attacked by someone who did not believe the same as he did. I feel that he assumes that people are set in their beliefs about this issue. I also feel as if he is not so much trying to persuade people to hear out his side as he is to provoke those who believe the same as he does. This is a rather delicate issue with many intricacies of social and political consequences. â€Å"Creationism Isn’t Science† is well written in a technical sense. Dr Eldredge has a propensity for curt word, but well written ones. When looking at this paper as a persuasive piece, however, I must say that Eldredge has failed as completely as is humanly possible. He not only manages to alienate people by the score, but to make them feel resentful at the same time. Reading some sections I can hardly believe that he pushed this essay past publishers without thinking it through. Take for instance this passage â€Å"Creationists disdain this quest, preferrin... Free Essays on Creationism Vs. Science Free Essays on Creationism Vs. Science Creationism Isn’t Science Starting with the first paragraph of his essay, Dr. Niles Eldredge is both pessimistic and acerbic. Throughout his paper he interjects small yet biting phrases. Consequently his paper is not only unattractive; it is slightly childish for all the big words and extravagant language. While he continuously writes about the fact that people misunderstand that science is not a monolithic being, he speaks in a high handed way that does not lend it’s self to forwarding his cause. Though he speaks of trying to educate the masses about the sciences he treats his readers as if they were philistines. While the American people may or may not have a tendency to portray themselves as such, Dr. Eldredge has the responsibility as the author to include them. While I agree with Dr. Eldredge on his basic principles I feel that he goes about explaining these beliefs in an almost violent way. It seems that his essay was written either while he was under great stress or after freshly being attacked by someone who did not believe the same as he did. I feel that he assumes that people are set in their beliefs about this issue. I also feel as if he is not so much trying to persuade people to hear out his side as he is to provoke those who believe the same as he does. This is a rather delicate issue with many intricacies of social and political consequences. â€Å"Creationism Isn’t Science† is well written in a technical sense. Dr Eldredge has a propensity for curt word, but well written ones. When looking at this paper as a persuasive piece, however, I must say that Eldredge has failed as completely as is humanly possible. He not only manages to alienate people by the score, but to make them feel resentful at the same time. Reading some sections I can hardly believe that he pushed this essay past publishers without thinking it through. Take for instance this passage â€Å"Creationists disdain this quest, preferrin...

Answers to questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answers to questions - Essay Example The Sixth Circuit reversed, finding that the impairments substantially limited respondent in the major life activity of performing manual tasks. In order to demonstrate that she was so limited, said the court, Williams had to show that her manual disability involved a "class" of manual activities affecting the ability to perform tasks at work. She satisfied this test, according to the court, because her ailments prevented her from doing the tasks associated with certain types of manual jobs that require repetitive work with hands and arms extended at or above shoulder levels for extended periods of time. In reaching this conclusion, the court found that evidence that she could tend to her personal hygiene and carry out personal or household chores did not affect a determination that her impairments substantially limited her ability to perform the range of manual tasks associated with an assembly line job. The court granted her partial summary judgment on the issue of whether she was disabled under the ADA. The Supreme Court granted certiorari.] The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is grounded in the will to provide equal opportunity in employment, transportation, public accommodations, public services, and telecommunications for individual with disabilities.

Pathophysiology of hyperglycemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pathophysiology of hyperglycemia - Essay Example This occurs as a result of increased production of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) as a stimulus to stress; this has the effect of stimulating the production of cortisol which triggers glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, therefore, increasing the blood glucose levels (Fowler, 2009). This stimulus to stress has been called a life saving mechanism to reset the normal optimum conditions in the body. Pathological conditions may also increase blood glucose levels by increasing the level of cortisol. These include Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenal hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas of the adrenal gland (Miller, 2010). Administration of exogenous steroids like prednisone leads to hyperglycemia. The pituitary gland secretes hormones which stimulate the production of other hormones that have a role in carbohydrate metabolism (Nikolic & Jovanovic, 2009). Any lesion in the pituitary gland that increases the levels of these tropic hormones also increases the levels of blood glucose increases. For instance, ACTH secreting adenocarcinomas increases ACTH levels in the blood, which, in turn, increases blood glucose levels via the actions of cortisol (Ruderman, 2010). Conditions that lead to an increase in Thyroid Stimulating Hormone levels (TSH) levels induce to an increase in absorption of glucose from the intestinal tract and basal metabolic rate via the actions of thyroid hormone. Growth hormone produced in the anterior pituitary has anti-insulin effects and any condition that increases its levels during acromegaly, thereby increasing blood glucose (Marino, 2008). Catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine increase blood glucose level via beta and alpha receptors and inhibit the secretion of insulin via alpha receptors. Conditions that cause increase in the levels of these amines are adrenal gland tumors (Miller, 2010). Pancreatitis is another condition that causes hyperglycemia (Pfaff, 2008). This

Minorities in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Minorities in the UK - Essay Example However, there are several factors which seem incomplete in the overall claim on the part of the locals. The first one is that the identity of C is known which does not violate the same point in the Act. In this vein, 187B of the 1990 Town and Country Planning Act Part 3 states: Rules of court may provide for such an injunction to be issued against a person whose identity is unknown.1 This is why the local authority made a huge mistake at imposing an illegal breach of planning toward the identified person in keeping strictly with the law. On the other hand, the fact that C bought that piece of land is more than just weighty. She must get through a host of different executive bodies to make it her private property. Thus, if the local authority disregards the fact of purchasing land, then it disregards and sincerely blames the work of officials responsible for selling land to C. All in all, it is a provoking point addressed to the overall executive branch of power. It also does harm to the democratic freedoms proclaimed and shared by the British government. As a result, it is a serious violation of the law. Regardless of the fact that C is of Roma decent, she is an owner. By and large, there is a universal norm on justifying the gist of private property and rights of individuals, namely: â€Å"Property rights† is an index of the degree to which the government enforces laws that protect private property.2 Thus, the eviction is not permissible. To say more, the case is all about some discriminatory nature nurtured highly on the part of the local authority. C wants to station her caravans in order to provide her children with suffice healthcare and education which is within easy reach. This is the next hallmark of the discussion. Once again, here is the fact of straight-forward discrimination toward Roma people in the UK. In this respect the High Court should take it into account since it would be a blame for EU and the UK, in particular. Equality in rights i s needed to keep the social equilibrium. However, it is a case for EU, as the British government lobbied on issues concerned with equal access to education, employment and housing for Roma people.3 This is why the case of C should be considered in terms of international commission on the human rights and the right for housing, in particular. What is more, the fact that C could buy the piece of the land in the London Green Belt makes it possible to suppose that she has a host of other rights. According to the ECSR and the Committee on Human Rights in Europe, the right to housing permits the exercise of many other rights – civil and political as well as economic, social and cultural rights.4 Hereby, C is eligible in taking her part while solving the issue of stationing her caravans near the local school and healthcare facilities. Roma people and other indigenous ethnical groups living in the UK are also protected by the OSCE conventions on their sustainable integration.5 Hence, it is another standpoint to think of by the High Court while considering the merits of the case. Along with the undeniable fact of purchasing and owning the land, C is allowed to share the rest of the amenities as declared by the Council of Europe’s Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities which the UK belongs to.6 Thus, the UK government cannot disregard a set of obligations based on the international

Strategic Management Analysis Of Telecom Industry Commerce Essay

Strategic Management Analysis Of Telecom Industry Commerce Essay Purpose The paper aims to emphasize a positive change toward the strategic management and decision making. It brings out a few lacking that are important to know for the industry. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an exploratory study including interviews and group discussion with employees representing middle and senior management. Data is increased by applying the analytical tools, the descriptions of internal processes, and organizational structures, magazine articles and the web. Findings The paper provides practical understandings about the strategic management analysis and organizational structure. Practical implications The paper includes detailed analysis of the various factors that need to be catered for. That includes SWOT analysis of the organization and deep study of structuring of organization. Originality/value The paper fulfills the need of exploring the strategic management and organizational structure study. Keywords: Strategic Management, Organizational Structure. Introduction Telecom industry is the collection of all industries and companies providing phone service, data or entertainment to consumers and businesses. It is the fastest growing industry in Pakistan and with highest per year growth rate in tele-density Worldwide (Atta 2008b, P.1 of 1) it has become a backbone in Pakistans economy. Telecom industry provides many employment and investment opportunities due to high revenues generated via large number of telephony subscribers. Along with opportunities, this industry also provides vast facilities to communicate and connect globally in a better, reliable and modern manner. Background: Telecommunication services in Pakistan were started in 1947 when Posts Telegraph Department was created. As an extension, Pakistan Telephone Telegraph Department was established in 1962 to provide fixed telephone services. Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation (PTC) started under PTC Act 1991. This overlapped with the Governments competitive policy and encouraged the participation of the private sector, resulting in award of licenses for card-operated pay phones, cellular companies, paging and, lately, data communication services. Pursuing a progressive policy, the Government announced its plans to privatize PTCL in 1991. In Pakistan, the Pakistan Mobile communications Ltd (Mobilink) started its operations in 1994. Mobilink (subsidiary of the Orascom Telecom Holding) with more than 31.6 million subscribers is Pakistans leading cellular and Blackberry service provider. Other major competitors are Telenor 23.4 million, and Warid (Abu Dhabi Group) 16.38 million, Ufone 18.93 million and Zong (China Mobile Company) 6.76 million. By April 2010, there were 97.6 million mobile phone subscribers in Pakistan. PTCL launched its mobile and data services firms in 2001 i.e. Ufone and PakNet respectively. In 2006, Government of Pakistan decided to privatize 26 % of PTCL. Etisalat, with a large margin in the bet was able to get the shares. Purpose: The purpose of this report is to understand the organizational structure and strategic management process by utilizing analytical tools- SWOT analysis. Improvements in strategic management process and decision-making will be suggested. Aims and Objectives: Conduct interviews and discussions with middle and senior level management personnel from the telecom industry Conduct SWOT analysis over feedback received from the interviews and discussions Study the organizational structure of Telenor and Ufone Reach out mobile subscribers to get feedback and to help define QoS targets and KPIs Provide suggestions about improvement in strategic management process and decision making Scope: Survey: Design questionnaires and conduct interviews with middle and senior level management Data Analysis Tools: Strength Weaknesses Opportunities Threat (SWOT) Organizational Structure: Vertical Differentiation (Hierarchical Levels, Span of Control, Integrating Mechanisms, Centralization and Decentralization, Standardization and Mutual Adjustment and Professionalism) Research Methodology Document/Literature reviews: The first method we adopted in the implementation of our research methodology was reviewing work already done in the field closely resembling our analysis. This was done on the basis of multiple documents most notably of other telecommunication companies and analysis done on the basis of different circumstances factoring in the companys strategic management and decision making process. Mixture of Quantitative and Qualitative Survey: The purpose of qualitative analysis is to get a complete detailed description whereas in quantitative analysis we classify features, count them, and even construct more complex statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed. Qualitative analysis allows for fine distinctions to be drawn because it is not necessary to shoehorn the data into a finite number of classifications. It is also used to investigate the  why  and  how  of  decision making, not just  what,  where,  when. This also justifies the reasoning behind getting smaller but focused  samples rather than getting larger samples. Quantitative analysis basically leads to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. Its main objective  is to develop and employ  mathematical models,  theories and/or  hypotheses  pertaining to phenomena. In easier terms it basically means that quantitative researcher asks a specific, narrow question and collects numerical data from participants to answer the question. Official Perception surveys: These surveys will be qualitative surveys conducted on the basis of information gathered by senior officials from managerial level employees in the telecommunication industry. These surveys will be in the form of descriptive questions and will be used to analyze different factors involved in the companys decision making process. This analysis will be done in the form of Key Informant Interviews and will be held taking into account a senior officials own analysis of the companys strong and weak points. Customer Satisfaction Surveys: These surveys will be quantitative surveys distributed amongst people in the form of questionnaires. This will be done in the form of Random Selection Surveys hence to cover major portion of our required research. Literature Review Strategic Management Process: Strategic management process defines the strategies of the organizations. It is the process by which managers choose a set of strategies for the organization that will assist it to achieve better performance and QoS targets. Strategic management is an ongoing process that has three main stages namely: strategic formulation, strategic implementation and evaluation. Organizations use strategic analysis tools for the strategic management process Organizational Structure: Organizational structure determines hierarchy and the reporting structure in an organization. These may be classified into different types based on a variety of things mainly scale of the organization and the scope of its operations. Traditional structure organizations are based on functional division and departments, various types of structures under these structures are Line Structure (Used in Small Organizations), Line and Staff Structure (Used in Large Organizations), and Functional Structure (Division based on the functions a person perform). Divisional structured organizations are based on functional division and departments they have. These may be classified as Product Structure, Market Structure and Geographic Structure. Some other kinds of organizational structures are Matrix Structure, Network Structure and Team Structure.. Literature review has been conducted for this research article to understand the concepts underlying strategic management process and the organizational structure. This will help to carry out the required work of survey, SWOT analysis, and for making the suggestions based on the conducted research. Results Strategic Management Process Strategic management involves managers from all levels of the organization to formulate and implement strategies to provide superior fit between organization and its environment to achieve set goals of the organization. This involves action and decision-making. Three stages of strategic management process are strategic planning, implementation and evaluation. The nine steps encompassing these three stages are Assessment, Strategy, Objectives, Strategic Maps, Performance Measures, Initiatives, Automation, Cascade and Evaluation. The process can be described by the flow chart presented in figure 1 below: Figure : Strategic Management Process Strategic Management Process is accompanied with SWOT analysis, which provides data to formulate and implement strategies and changes to achieve the target goals and QoS. SWOT analysis helps to examine internal (strength and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) elements of a business. SWOT analysis can help the management team in a business to discover: What the organization does better than the competitors do? What competitors do superior than the organization? Whether the business is making most of the available opportunities? How a business should react to changes in its external environment? SWOT analysis for Telenor Pakistan and Ufone Pakistan has been conducted as case study. SWOT Analysis of Telenor Pakistan Telenor Pakistan is a possession of the Telenor group, an international service provider in terms of voice, data plans and communication services across Europe and Asia. It is amongst the largest mobile service operators in the world over 179 million mobile subscribers (2010). Telenor Pakistan has recently reached the landmark of 30 million subscribers in Pakistan. It is now second in terms of market share in Pakistan after Mobilink. Case study of SWOT analysis for Telenor Pakistan has been discussed as follows: Strengths: Telenor introduced the concept of Mobile TV for the very first time in Pakistan Telenor provides desirable packages for every market sector like djuice for youth and price conscious class and persona for upper and elite class State of art technology like the latest underground fiber optical network Telenor Pakistan stands at number 2 in terms of market share and coverage after Mobilink Telenor Pakistan introduced the concept of free international roaming during Hajj program Telenor operate with more than 30 million subscribers all over the Pakistan Weaknesses: There is no institute in Pakistan that provides formal education in the fields of networking and other core technical capabilities so Telenor needs to have a major chunk of their personnel trained from institutions outside of Pakistan The customer service centers are not coming up to national and international standards as most of the customers calls go unattended because of the poor call center performance The postpaid connection provided by Telenor Pakistan is comparatively expensive compared to other competitors like Warid Telecom and Ufone Pakistan Due to the buffering problem, Telenor mobile TV has poor visual quality Franchise distribution system is not up-to standards- This stands as the common problem for all mobile services operators. Record keeping is also an associated problem Opportunities: Participation within the growing Telecom industry and extension of coverage area Attract more subscribers and increase market share Product line and packages expansion focusing at various age groups and social classes Cost discount strategies Product innovation and attraction To become customer size specialist Threats: Monopoly of PTA and inclination towards state owned telecom service providers At any time PTA can modify the services of telecom sector Cutthroat competition operating in kinked demand oligopoly Implementation of WTO policies will result in open competitive pricing in services sector exclusively in telecom There is an imbalance between prices of inputs outputs SWOT Analysis of Ufone Pakistan Ufone is a Pakistani GSM cellular service provider, a subsidiary of Pakistan Telecommunications Company Limited. Its operations started from Islamabad on January 29 2001. Ufone has progressed and attracted customers and expanded its coverage area by adding new cities and highways/motorways. After the privatization of PTCL, 26% shares of Ufone were sold to Etisalat. Around $65 million rupees have been invested by Ufone to setup its up-to-date technical infrastructure to provide fast data services and high quality voice. On its establishment, Ufone cater most importantly for the middle class, by announcing low rates and different packages with Urdu names like Jazba etc. Ufone has extended its customer support in a very planned and appropriate manner with a strategic network of dealers and outlets for people. Strengths Ufone is host to value added services and data connectivity Ufone offers the most reasonable prices for its users Ufone represents as the subsidiary of PTCL Prepaid roaming in Pakistan was first launched by Ufone along with the Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) and GPRS services Ufones Prepaid packages are now considered to be one of the most favorite packages by the youth market GPRS Roaming facility is available across 85 countries with more than 115 Live Operators Ufone has got the best e-marketing department in competition to the other mobile operators Weaknesses Ufones biggest weakness is that it cannot meet the demands of its customers Centralized structure of the organization has failed to provide proper direction over instruction and policies Ufone is not close to expected profitability It is a subsidiary of PTCL so it is dependent on PTCL and government for policies The franchise network of Ufone is not able to meet the demand of increasing number of mobile subscribers Ufone has not provided innovative services to its subscribers compared to other operators Its coverage in South region is quite good but in north its coverage is poor Ufone got some internal problems after its privatization to Etisalat when some employees became unhappy with the pay scale Opportunities Ufone has enormous ability to expand globally, but since it is a government owned organization, the economic situation in Pakistan does not permit this With the precise marketing strategy and planning they can gain much more subscribers market The demand for value added services in increasing with development in the IT Telecom sector, Ufone should come up with improvements in its value added services in order to gain leading edge in the market Ufone kiosk can be launched to enable services like ATM machines for Ufone customers Ufone should expand their Franchise network in remote areas to provide competition to Mobilink and Telenor which are constantly increasing their franchise network Ufone should expand its network coverage to the Northern areas of the country as well with the reason that in those parts of the country not too many companies are giving services and if Ufone gets success in providing its services there then it will definitely attract a huge chunk of people and its number of subscribers can increase Threats Government interference in terms of taxes PTCL should provide more financial support to Ufone to enhance profitability of its subsidiary company Being a responsibility, Ufone is supposed to provide good pension benefits to its employees, which sometimes appears like a great idea, but they are now facing problems as large amount of people are beginning to collect Ufone, like many large companies with quality employees healthcare welfares, is suffering from a large financial hit Some pressure groups are objecting on the towers that are installed in domestic areas. According to their point of view it is not good for health for the people who are directly exposed to the radiations caused by the towers Pakistan is experiencing serious problems regarding the economy now days which will ultimately also affect Ufone. The current downturn in market is not beneficial for any sort of business may that be telecommunication Organizational Structure Organizational structure defines the reporting and hierarchical structure in an organization. Literature review presents an explanation about the organization structure and the different types of it. Case studies of Organization structure for Telenor and Ufone Pakistan will be presented here. Organization Structure of Telenor Pakistan: The organizational structure of Telenor Pakistan is functional structure. The key features are listed as follows: There are eight departments, Finance, Customer Services, Commercial, Technical, Information Technology, Human Resources, Administration and Legal Affairs, each supervised by a Senior Executive Vice President or Executive Vice President. Each of these departments follow a flat structure to boost mutual processes and co-operations between lower staff and managers Each department has several sections and a manager is in-charge of each section. He controls the overall operations of that section Responsibility of each executive in charge includes all the services that are related to him Wide span of control in entire organization makes it convenient for the lower staff to reach top managers and boost coordination between them The categorized stages of organizational chart of Telenor Pakistan is shown in figure 2 below, the complete organizational structure has been attached as appendix A: Figure : Categorized Stages of Organizational Structure of Telenor Pakistan There are seven categorized levels. Tasks and duties of each person is evidently defined at the time of joining the organization. Duties can be changed later, but staff has good knowledge about their job responsibilities from the time they join the organization. There is no communication or motivational issues because of the layered structure and the open culture prevailing at each stage. There are no examples of de-motivation however in certain areas like Customer Relationship Department or Customer Service Centre different customer queries and objections can raise frustration levels when qualities of service targets are not being met. Managers in these sectors interfere to solve problems. On every occasion an employee has an idea, he/she is stimulated to approach the management or people at higher level of hierarchy and share it with them. Boxes are also situated at various places where personnel leave their ideas, suggestions and concerns. To stay anonymous is their legal right. The Communications Department tries to reach to certain decisions if the ideas can be executed and then debates them with the employees concerned. There is also a formal platform at the group level known as SEED where innovation is encouraged and new ideas about revenue concepts and cost effectiveness can be discussed. Employees are welcome to contribute and submit their innovating ideas. If the ideas that are shared are feasible then they are executed in the organization. Employees are then rewarded accordingly for their helpful contributions. Organization Structure of Ufone Pakistan The departmental and organizational structure for Ufone Pakistan has been shown in figure 3 below: Board of Directors CEO Project Director Marketing Sales Finance Information System Customer Care Engineering Quality Assurance Information technology HR Admin Figure : Organizational Chart of Ufone Pakistan The organizational structure of Ufone Pakistan is hybrid in nature where there is a formal control on every employee in the organization. The chain of command is decentralized and each personnel in the organization have his/her own tasks and responsibilities, which he/she has to fulfill. The key characteristics of the Organizational Structure are as follows: Ufone has a lean or horizontal structure The company has a decentralized structure making the flow of information easy and simple Ufone has different departments where every department has its head and all heads are interconnected Concept of departmentalization remains constantly in practice at Ufone Different departments work within their functional divisions to contribute towards the success of the business and to attain the set targets Ufone has 83 sub-departments that are working efficiently. All interact with each other towards the smooth running of the organization The organizational structure of Ufone consist of of Board of Directors who are reported by the Chief Executive Officer CEO is a great supervision to the eight major departments of the company. These are Finance, Marketing, IT, Engineering, Strategic Planning, Human Resource, and Sales Departments Discussion and Reflective Comments Case studies for strategic management process and organizational structure has been discussed for Ufone and Telenor. A comparison between these two organizations has been made because these two organizations had remained in close competition to each other in terms of subscribers market. Recent reports have shown that Telenor Pakistan has passed the landmark of 30 million subscriber base having a market share of 26%. It has shown consistent growth due to the technological development and efficient strategic management process. On the contrary, Ufones market share in terms of subscribers has shown decline, which is now 19%. The major factor for this is the policy making at executive and senior managerial levels. Policy making for Ufone is generally done by officials representing the government as Ufone is a subsidiary of government owned Pakistan Telecommunications Company Limited. Besides this, at the time of privatization of PTCL, it was anticipated that PTCL and Ufone would be turne d into large profit and efficient organizations, but Etisalat group could not bring about many changes towards the operational and strategic management process. Telenors subscribers base, technological growth, marketing and network coverage has surpassed those of Ufone with a significant margin and today Telenor is presenting close competition to Mobilink, which is considered as a mature organization in Pakistans Telecom Industry. An important distinction between Mobilink and Telenor is the post-paid connection base, which is normally defined by business and corporate users. Telenor lags behind Mobilink in terms of post-paid subscribers by a huge margin reason being that Telenors postpaid connection is expensive and provides much lesser value added services compared to Mobilink. In the discussion about organizational structure, a point worth noting is that Telenor has a functional structure where each department has a set of functions well defined. However, a Hybrid structure combining both functional and horizontal structure is recommended as it can provide enhancement in coordination and communication between cross-functional teams and can also provide improved customer service. Besides this, the structure should be defined such that it is able to accommodate any changes that might seem appropriate. These changes can be easily accommodated in horizontal structure. Since Telenor is a part of Global Telenor Group, employee exchange program should be introduced at middle and senior level management in order to share the level of managerial and technical skills and expertise. Besides this, stock option could also be provided as a motivation to the employees.

Career Mobility: A Choice or Necessity? Essay examples -- Argumentativ

Career Mobility: A Choice or Necessity? What is triggering the industrial, occupational, and geographical mobility of today's workers? Some believe it is a response to downsizing and restructuring. Others believe it reflects a pursuit for job advancement and a better quality of life. This Digest examines the factors triggering workers' career mobility and suggests ways workers can use career mobility to capitalize on the dynamics of a changing workplace. Factors Contributing to Career Mobility Job mobility in the U.S. work force has become the standard employment pattern in today's workplace. Between 1991 and 1996, the median job tenure for men 25-64 years of age fell by an average of approximately 19 percent, with older workers most affected: males 55-64 years of age had a 29 percent drop in tenure and males 45-54 years of age, a 25 percent drop (Koretz 1997). Although the job tenure of females remained somewhat constant during this period, this may reflect the increased numbers of women who have entered the work force during these same years rather than stable job tenure patterns. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 10 percent of the work force switches jobs every year (Henkoff 1996). The following are some of the factors contributing to the career mobility of today's workers. Search for Competitive Employment Positions Organizational downsizing, outsourcing, and restructuring have eliminated many positions of midlevel management (Appelbaum and Santiago 1997). The typical mid-management workers in transition are 45-58 years old with over 20 years of job tenure (Unger 1995). Many older workers nearing retirement age are also in transition as organizations increasingly offer them incentives to leave the... ...t 1996): 24-25. Griffin, D. "What I Do for Love." Working Woman 20, no. 12 (December 1995): 39-41. Henkoff, R. "So You Want to Change Your Job." Fortune 133, no. 1 (January 15, 1996): 52-56 Kaye, B. "Up Is Not the Only Way." Training and Development 50, no. 2 (February 1996): 48-53. Koretz, G. "Economic Trends: Dangers for Job Changers." Business Week no. 3450, November 13, 1995, p. 38. Koretz, G. "Job Mobility, American-Style." Economic Trends Section. Business Week no. 3511, January 27, 1997, p. 20. Stroh, L.; Bret, J.; and Reilly, A. "Family Structure, Glass Ceiling, and Traditional Explanations for the Differential Rate of Turnover of Female and Male Managers." Journal of Vocational Behavior 49, no. 1 (August 1996): 99-118. (EJ 527 061) Unger, P. "Culture Shock: Tips for Transitioners." Management Review 84, no. 6 (June 1995): 44-48.

Air France

In an airline industry, companies had been suffered with low returns, bankruptcies and ever-fluctuating demand. Air France has been preventing the situation by developed strategies such as a progressive operating lease, short- or medium term lease of substantial part of fleets to reduce capacity and cost. Since 2006, the traffic of air travel has been growing rapidly, which created a competitive landscape in the airline industry and also the emergence of e-commerce as a direct to consumer sales.Air France took those opportunities by providing online services on direct website, but after a while aggregators and metasearchers who offer beyond services appeared, which make the direct website had difficulty to compete. Media Contact, hired by Air France, has been developing strategy to optimize performance on Search Engine Marketing campaign to increase net revenue gained through online channel and return on investment spending, as well as efficiency of driving visitors to site and conve rt them to consumers through the conversion funnel at the minimum cost.The Media Contact uses sponsored search of six search engines, global- and US-based, and advertises on metasearchers and aggregators as well. As shown in the publisher performance table below, from exhibit 6, Google US earns highest impressions, mostly from branded keywords, and volume of bookings, also at highest cost but the conversion rate is relatively low. On the other hand, MSN has lowest investment but it turned out that MSN give the outstanding conversion rate than any others.Another publisher such as Yahoo US and Overture US has higher conversion rate than others that has more funding. T The bubble chart below illustrates the performance of each publisher, based on the complete data set, according to their average cost per click on Y-axis and probability of bookings on X-axis. The size of each bubble represents funding spent on each publisher. The first quadrant represents high cost-per-click, publishers , which are Google US and Google Global. These publishers has high impressions but theClick-Through-Rate is relatively low, The Media Contact should arrange strategy that can lower cost such as modifying bid strategy, keyword selection, and match type. The funding for these publishers should also be lowered. In the upper-left quadrant shows publishers who have lowest conversion rate at highest cost, no publisher is in this category and should not be. Overture Global and US are in the third quadrant that demonstrates publishers with low probability of booking.Publishers in this quadrant must be converted to the forth quadrant by considering keyword selection, ease of completing transaction, and complication of website and applications, for example. The highest probability of producing a booking come from the forth quadrant where Yahoo US, MSN Global, and MSN US rely on. This quadrant not only gives Air France high probability of bookings but also at the lowest cost. The Media Contact should focus on this quadrant by increasing funding for these three publishers from budget deducted from the first quadrant.In order to gain visitors from aggregators, Air France should consider about creating two- or three-in-one service by offering hotels, car rental or promotional packages. This strategy could increase sales occurred in direct website and reduce cost of advertising on aggregators website. Air France could also earn revenue from advertising of hotels and car rental services. By optimizing sponsored search and implementing strategies, Cost-Per-Click will be reduced and number of bookings will be higher. The Media Contact can deliver higher net revenue and Return on Investment to Air France.

The Government of the United States essays

The Government of the United States essays The first administration of the United States was led by the first president of the United States, George Washington. The administration had to set a precedent for the next administrations of the United States. The administration faced many problems internally and externally. The administration dealt with many problems such as tax protests and disagreements between internal government officials. If the Washington administration was not successful in dealing with its conflicts than the government of the United States would have collapsed and the union would have broken up. Washington's ability to lead a successful administration is what set a precedent for the future administrations. One problems that Washington's administration had dealt with was conflicts with European nations. Britain and France were on the verge of war. The United States government was just recently created and was weak, so they wanted to remain neutral and not take any sides with France or Britain. The United States favored France for their similar revolution to the American Revolution. On the other hand the United States also favored Britain for commerce. The problems in Europe were minor compared to the problems within the United States that the administration had to compromise and/or solve. An important problem that the United States government faced was conflicts within the Northwest Territory. Native Americans were fighting with American settlers in the Northwest of the United States. The Native Americans were supported by the Canadians in there attacks because the Canadians did not want to be invaded by the Americans later on. This resulted in the defeat of the Americans in a battle between an American militia and the Natives. Washington sent General Wayne to fight the Native Americans. At the Battle of Fallen Timbers, General Wayne defeated the Native Americans. After the Native Americans were defeated they signed the Treaty of Greenville. The...

America and Nuclear Weapons Testing essays

America and Nuclear Weapons Testing essays American policymakers in the late 1940s debated the very controversial topic of nuclear weapons testing on American soil. Previously, American policymakers such as Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) head Sumner Pike stated that "only a national emergency could justify testing in the United States" (Ball 27-28). As the Soviet Union and communism expanded half a world away, hostilities broke out in Korea, which authorities asserted was a national emergency that would warrant nuclear testing on American soil. Authorities within the AEC believed that to maintain nuclear superiority and preserve national security, nuclear tests would have to be conducted in the continental United States. The Nevada Test Site (NTS) was chosen for a few primary reasons: it was a flat area with little rainfall to minimize radioactive fallout, the winds traditionally blew east towards the relatively "uninhabited" portions of Nevada and Utah and away from the heavy population concentrations of the West Coast (Che ney 36). Nuclear weapons' testing was essential for national security, yet it was not necessary for these tests to take place within the continental United States. Testing at the Nevada Test Site began in early 1951, and within the next seven years, 90 nuclear explosions occurred in the Nevada desert. The ominous result of these tests was the distribution of radioactive particles throughout the United States with areas in eastern Nevada and southern Utah especially affected (Some Questions 1). The tests were conducted to enhance the American nuclear arsenal – the goal wasn't only to achieve the biggest bomb, it included the development of tactical nuclear devices that could be used on the battlefield against enemy troops without causing harm to friendly troops. As Glenn Cheney, a radioactivity researcher and author, comments on the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, "To fall behind, to become weaker, might be to practical...

STRATEGIC OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT(EBUs602) ASSIGNMENT Essay - 2

STRATEGIC OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT(EBUs602) ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Those products are sold under different brand names across the globe. The supply chain managers at P&G discovered a prevalent bullwhip for its several brands especially pampers diapers. Initiation of â€Å"vendor-managed inventory system† for the supply chain of diaper to ensure harmonization of the supply chain (Arai & Kimura, 2005, P.67). This approach resulted to in market share of P&G and a reduction of the Wall-Marts operating cost. P&G should utilize a policy of replenishing the stock of the suppliers more frequently by adopting â€Å"just-in-time† system in order to smooth flow of products and avoid building up excess stock at one point while risking running out of stock at other times (Koch, 2008. P.127). P&G should ensure the prices of the products are stable at all times irrespective of quantity demanded by suppliers in order to ensure that suppliers order the exact products they demand rather than order large quantities to enjoy huge discounts (Bettley, David, & Tarek, 2005, p.173). P&G should allocate products to the suppliers according to previous demands rather instead of basing relying on clients’ demands that could otherwise be based on speculation of price changes or shortage in supply. Cisco is a manufacturer of electronic products. Initially, the company relied on Xilinx Company based at San Jose, California which supplied it with electronic components. However, Xilinx relied on intermediary distributors such as Avnet. At some points, this association resulted to significant variance involving the quantity of the electronic components demanded by Cisco company and the amount produced and distributed by Xilinx through it distributors. These variations forced Cisco make a bargain with Xilinx in order to streamline the supply chain system and harmonize the products demanded with the product supplied. This requirement resulted to change in strategies used by Xilinx and as a result

Finance for non finance managers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance for non finance managers - Assignment Example 40 million from the debt market. Using debt to run the business has both advantages and disadvantages. Advantages Debt is a low cost capital. Using debt the company does not have to pay tax on it. Hence the company will have to pay less tax overall. Using debt the Earning per share of the company fluctuates more than using only equity as the source of capital. Hence during good times the Earning per share of the company will rise much higher than when the company use only equity (Tuller, 2007, p. 211). This satisfies the shareholders as they will get more in return. Hence they will always want some portion of the capital to be raised as debt. Again using debt the company don’t have to share the ownership rights with the shareholders. They don’t have to go back to the shareholders each time they need to take an important decision. All they want is to get fixed return on the investment that they have made. Again the lenders don’t have any claim on the future earnin gs. Furthermore if a debt can be paid on time, then the credit rating of the business will improve and they will readily get finance easily from the market next time they went to any financial institutions for loan. Disadvantages The company has to make regular monthly payment of instalment and interest. Barnet Solutions is going to expand in the European market for the first time. ... 176). Hence it is like a double edged sword. If the economy in the European market deteriorates the Earning per share of the company will fall down drastically. The shareholder then may ask tough questions to the management regarding their decision making process. Pure Equity The company can use Equity as the source of fund. Advantages Using Equity the company can avoid the hassle of going through the long process of applying for loan. It takes more time to raise debt than equity. It is less risky than a loan because the company will not have to pay back the obligation if they cannot afford it. The company can easily tap into its investors’ network and add more credibility to the business. The investors here takes a long term view and don’t expect and immediate return. The company also don’t need to payback if the business fails (Mason, 2010, p. 212). Disadvantages The investors can demand returns more than the interest rate the company will have to pay for debt. The investors also will require ownership of the company. They have to be consulted before making any big decision. It also takes time and effort to find the right investors for the company. Period 2012 2011 D/E 1.18 0.92 The standard Debt-equity ratio of any company is 2:1. Hence it is advisable for the company to raise fund through both debt and equity. The company can go 80:20 ratio of raising the money from the market with the majority being debt and other being equity. Hence the company can raise ? 32 million from the debt market and ? 8 million from the equity market. After using the above capital the debt equity ratio will become Period 2012 2011 D/E 1.28 1.04 This shows that the company will be well within the standards limits of the Debt-Equity ratio. Answer 2 The

The story of an hour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The story of an hour - Essay Example It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought.† The newly bereaved widow goes from deep despair to unspeakable joy while looking out a window. The writer/narrator does not appear to view marriage favorably, but as a self-limiting trap. Lives of â€Å"quiet desperation† (Henry David Thoreau) is also for women. Consider the following: The monstrous joy †¦She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death...But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely †¦ And yet she had loved him--sometimes. Often she had not. She cared for her husband, she missed him, but â€Å"Spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days that would be her own. She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long.† Mrs. Mallard looks forward to the future until a key turns in the lock, bringing about her own fatal heart attack. The irony is apparent. Did she die of shock at seeing the living apparition, or because of instant sadness of knowing he was still alive?

William Shakespeare also known as “The Bard” Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare also known as â€Å"The Bard† Essay William Shakespeare was one of the best writers of his time, and has written stories that are still being read and talked about today. He was thought of to be an inspiration to many upcoming writers and has helped to shape literature into what is today. Shakespeare’s writing s give vivid and interesting details about the topic he is writing about. His writings also tend to make others enjoy reading more often. Even though Shakespeare has no birth records there are church records which indicate that a William Shakespeare was baptized at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 26, 1564. From that information they believed that he was born either on or near April 23, 1564. Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway on November 28, 1582. William was 18 and she was 26 and also pregnant. Shakespeare’s first child was a daughter born on May 26, 1583, they named her Susanna. Shakespeare was the third child of John Shakespeare who was a leather merchant and his mother Mary who was a local landed heiress. Shakespeare had two sisters Joan and Judith, and his three younger brothers Gilbert, Richard and Edmund. From roughly 1594 Shakespeare was an important member of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men Company of theatrical players. It was said that â€Å"Shakespeare wrote plays that capture the complete range of human emotion and conflict. Shakespeare was also often called the English national poet and is to be considered the greatest dramatist of all time. Also there are little Cox 2 records of Shakespeare’s childhood and virtually none about his education, but scholars think Shakespeare attended King’s New School. Others often ponder on whether William Shakespeare really existed. By 1952 there was some evidence that Shakespeare was living as an actor and a playwright in London and may have had several plays produced. Around 1597 15 of Shakespeare’s 37 plays  had been published. By 1599 Shakespeare and his business partners built their own theater, which they later called the Globe. Shakespeare’s early plays were written in a conventional style of his time with complex metaphors and rhetorical phrases that didn’t always match with his plot or characters. Although Shakespeare was very modern, adapting to the customary style to his own motives and creating a freer flow of words. Shakespeare’s work and been a major influence on later theatre and literature. Throughout the 1590’s Shakespeare’s reputation continued to grow. From 1594 to 1608 he was fully involved in  the London theater world. During much of this period, Shakespeare was ranked as London’s most popular playwright, based on the number of times his plays were performed and published. By the late 1590’s Shakespeare had become an established writer and a prosperous. Cox 3 By 1612 Shakespeare had become England’s most successful playwright. It was said that he divided his time between Stratford and London. Shakespeare was a respected man of the dramatic arts who wrote plays and acted in the late 16th and early 17th century. Today his plays are highly popular and are persistently studied and reinterpreted in plays. The genius of Shakespeare’s plays will forever be performed and read. Furthermore William Shakespeare also known as â€Å"The Bard† was a man who changed the way we look at literature today. Also he was thought to be a literature genius making his plays different and extraordinary. Shakespeare is a man who others have looked at throughout the course of history to learn to be better writers. William Shakespeare was a legend and shows just how much reading and writing can take you. Cox 4 Citation Page www. biography. com – William Shakespeare www. worldbookonline. com – William Shakespeare.

Ethicals Dilemma Of A Working Mother Social Work Essay

Ethicals Dilemma Of A Working Mother Social Work Essay INTRODUCTION In every sphere of life it is proved that woman is getting in hand in hand with man. Therefore if man works to earn money, women can manage three careers at a time i.e. earn money, delegate work at home, and at the office as well. How beautifully a working woman juggles these three roles and still is not complaining. [Working Mothers, How Much working -2009] One could define a working mother as a women with a ability to combine a career with the added responsibility of raising a child[Jayita, Murali-2009,p.64] All the educated working mothers work because they tend to need a financial freedom while balancing a professional career. [Working mothers, How much Working- 2009] The ascending numbers of working mothers are seen in the last few decades. Both the partners have to work just because to maintain the financial status of the house. According to the 2003 US census bureau states that fifty percent professionals are the women workers. It is nearly 90% of the women are out of the house for the work delegates. All the women are blessed with various professional skills, if not professional then with the business skills. Though after facing various dilemmas in work place i personally feel that women are quite capable of facing the various challenges which occur in there ways. According to the 2000 US census states that single parent is no longer left behind in this race.[www.working mothers .com] I have chosen this case study because i am a professional woman where i tend to face various difficulties. How hard it is to manage both the delegates i.e. delegates at home and delegates at our work place. It is also to ponder on those aspects where women are going out of ways to manage these various delegates. Also to look at the different dilemmas women is facing while managing these dual career responsibilities. CONTEXT/ History In olden days all the women were aware of their boundaries and limitations. They rendered there whole span of their life for the care of their families, by dwelling in the four walls of the house. Later on a sudden thrust evolved into business sector and public affairs, which made them turn their backs towards thrive families. Those pioneering days are no more .The tie of Gordian has broken down and the feminine dilemma is over. The last two decades has proven that the right time to integrate into their dual career management at home and at the work place has arisen. In the present century the social status of women is trapped under different profound differences. First is the entry into the different hitherto masculine placements. The second is the endeavor of an increasing number of women who jointly balance the family and employment. [Womens two role-1956, reprint-2001] RIGHTS OF CHILD, RIGHTS OF WOMEN/ LEGISLATION RIGHTS OF CHILDREN Their various rights which are bestowed upon children due to U N convention. Children are protected by four P according to the child protection act. Four p are listed below. 1. PROVISION 2.PREVENTION 3.PROTECTION 4.PARTICIPATION. In the provision of rights, child is supposed to be provided with the basic necessity of food, shelter, and education .In the prevention of rights child should be protected from abuse given privacy and has the rights of legal representation. In the protection of rights child is supposed to be protected from sexual abuse, entitled to be protected during war times, conflicts and during the natural disaster causing bad effect on the child. Under the last participation child right act it says that child is entitled in decision making, has voice for his own opinion, and has his own freedom of conscience. According to the UN convention for childrens right they say that, Children should not be ignored, but heard for the better development and welfare of the child. All the courts must understand the grief and suffering the child must be undergoing and must have regards for their wishes. Children were heard and given relief form the courts. Advocacy groups were formed in order to provide help to the children in decision making. A very big BRATS CHARTER is formed where a child can divorce his parent if the child is not happy or dont want to carry on with their parents. Children has right of quality of life where the child has right to choose his own parents either.[UNCRN ACT- 1 WOMENS MATERNITY LEAVE EQUALITY PAY ACT 2010 All the women are given and supported with some of their womens rights. What so ever may be the worked out tenure women is entitled for the one year maternity leave form her office with full paid leave. This is applied only to those who are about to go on the maternity leave from April 2007. They also have increased maternity and adoption pay period from 26 weeks to 39 weeks. Law has also benefited women by scrapping old rule of work experience of six months to be entitled for the 26 weeks maternity leave. [News-2007] According to the equality act 2010 it states that when a woman is working with shoulder to shoulder with a man, then she is entitled for the same amount of benefits in terms of pay and other benefits. The act claims that gender equality has to be included into the contractual terms, considering women not less than a man. Woman should not be discriminated on the basis of her womanhood; on the contrary she should be looked upon with sense of figure of equality. [Equal pay the equality act 2010] The old 1970 equal pay act has replaced few good changes. The various changes which include men and women performing their duties towards their profession should be considered and rated at the same level, and should also be provided with equal standards of salaries for the work generated out of them. Every women is allowed to check across her equal share of pay and the bonus given to her.[ Equal pay act- 2010] WHAT IS ETHICS It is hard to define ethics, but somehow to understand ethics, ethics can be defined as what is correct and incorrect, moral and immoral. Generally ethical behavior is accepted in the society where the behavior is considered with the moral codes. According to the dictionary ethics means The study of standards of conduct and moral judgment and moral philosophy[Youngdictionary.com] Man has always worked hard to understand between correct and incorrect and between ethics and legality. As per dictionary again ethics can be defined as The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by the individuals in his relationship with others [Insightempire.com, p.1] Ethics deals with the study concerned with usually what is morally correct and incorrect. This study is also applied to any theory of moral deeds. Very often ethics refers to how one should live his life? Should he only aim at gathering knowledge or at happiness? If we happen to select happiness, should that happiness be meant only for ourselves or for the whole of the family? Should we live in opulence, should we break laws? What are our obligations when we are living with other human beings on this mother planet, and what examples we are setting for other generation? Ethics are surrounded with all the moral questions form all the corners of life. The main focus of the ethics covers the fundamental crisis of empirical decisions, which includes the practical costs and the levels by which human behavior can be justified. [Ethics by Peter Singh] Few working mothers work just because they are qualified and dont want to find themselves to be hanged around only with the domestic work. The main motive was to get employed was to give a good standard life to the family from different angles.[How working mothers manage-1970] All women are responding towards the pressure of inflationary economy, to achieve high level of education for their children and for self-satisfaction. But working mothers can manage both i.e childcare and home delegates. [Pediatrics vol 56 no-1975] ATTACHMENT THEORY- BOWLBY According to the Bowlbys theory, he ponders over the fact that early childhood is always in straight contact with mothers, or sometimes it is hardly very few steps away from the mother. Mother always tries to keep her child close to her chest i.e. under her feathers. But as soon as the child tends to grow old the closeness and the bonds tends to become lighter, the child seems to get involved with more worldly activities, but when time comes to rest at the night they prefer nobody else and they tend to search for their mothers. This attachment clearly speaks that how mother and Childs bonding is inbuilt bonding. Bowlby stresses on the facts that early age is the age where both child and the mother are very attached to each other and also very much strongly involved for each others feelings and togetherness.[Cyc-net.org] MAIN PARTICIPANTS In my case study i have involved various participants who face various dilemmas in connection with the working mothers while she is managing her dual careers. My first participant whom i would consider is the child. Sufficient evidences has proved that home delegate has a clear impact for women own life and family organization, but both are seems to be important for childrens upbringing.[Journal-Maternal education and early child care-2009] As an educated mother she can and supposed to be giving home achieving activities for her children, taking her child to brain storming events and cover their children in different learning ways , but the dilemma is that due to busy schedule she is unable to give enough time , where the child is neglected of his rights and face the dilemma.[journal maternal education and early child care-2009] It is true that children of working mothers are quite quick in all aspects of life .It is also true that children are more capable and strong towards the ups and downs in their life. Children face dilemmas when they are sick during the holidays when mothers are at work, their right to protection is overlooked and the child is under the dilemma.[How working mothers manage-1970] At early years of stages babies are considered to be going under stress of separation from their mothers when they are about to leave for their work. The dilemma faced by children to manage this rhythm of separation is very stressful.[Managing two careers-1989] Children of lone parents face high rate of emotional dilemmas, because mother is working for the bread butter and is unable to give sufficient and required time for her children.[How working mothers manage-1970] It is also considered that due to working parents specially the mother lack of care and supervision children are found in high number of school dropouts, drug abuse and juvenile delinquency.[Working mothers, how much working-2009] Also one of the important dilemma children face during their mothers are out for work are the invigilation of the various child-minders. If the child shifts from one minder to other, child has to get accustomed to all the various child-minders habits and discipline. Such circumstances confuse the child, to what exactly he or she has to adopt. According to the Lawree Tilton-Weaver-normal behavior controls guides and protects children to master over self-discipline and curtails the problems like disobeying parents, consuming alcohols. Drug abuse and robbery. She states that psychological management over children with more personal feelings breaks out into severe depression and anxiety. For instance if we choose their friends and clothing which turns to be interference with their decision makings, which ultimately falls into damaging there personal feelings. Which means that we are not caring for their personal feelings? Just when working mothers tends to lay down few regulations which children do not accept, and thus the dilemma occurs saying that interference with the feelings of children and adds as a negative impact on the minds of the children towards there working mothers.[ Workingmothers .com] Though various research bodies are working with the protection of the childcare and there progress- it is openly accepted that childrens education and there personal development can only develop childs confidence and peer relationships. However it is very difficult for those children who are under neglected or poor childcare. [Provisions of childcare for working mothers in wales. co.uk] My second participant is the mother herself. Generally mothers balance their identity around mothering and employment. Mothers foremost interest is always care giving to children and family, through there paid employment which upholds the financial status of her house.[I am so much more myself coming back to work-2008] According to Vincent and Ball the need to construct a morally adequate account of oneself, as mothers require of all classes to present their prioritization of their children need[I am so much more myself coming back to work-2006, p.72] Though full time working plays a vital role for upliftment of financial status of the house [managing two careers-1999, 2003] All the working mothers accepted that limited financial freedom will be stressful when staying with children at home. While socializing with other children, children behavior happens to be more worried. Although children of age 6 and 11 years need most attention, but unfortunately mothers find it stressful to commit and dedicate sufficient time for children specially when their children are affected with serious disabilities.[Influence on mothers employment when children have disabilities-2007] Every woman who is a mother can be called as working mother. But those who are with professional career deal with more challenges in balancing there career and family. It is a very difficult and pressurized task, where mother at the end finds that she is left with no time and no social togetherness in society. Few working mothers are quite and sound who are blessed with good encouraging and supportive male partner who gives her the strength to balance her dual career. The dilemma is observed in big ratio that very less percent co-operative male partners are matched. If the children are not co-operative again the working mothers are into big dilemma towards the childcare and upbringing of the child.[ Working mothers .com] Moreover working mothers are worried when child care factors occur. When no home support is provided by in-laws or other relatives to shoulder the children burden. Childcare providers are the last option where the working mother seeks help from. According to Lynne Hill, a policy director for children in wales says that there may not be sufficient options for parents to keep their children with the childcare providers. She says that it is a high task for mothers to balance her work and safety of her child. It matters more with the children with disabilities, where mothers are more specific with the choosing of the childcare options. If she fails to get the opted option she tends to face the dilemma for her child. Though job centers are providing with more jobs to women, but due to various dilemmas working mother are unable to reach the oriented professional goals.[ Wales online.co.uk] The working mothers activity plays a vital role both during the stages of prenatal and postnatal development of the child. At times working mothers has to place her child into the orphanage facility which strongly hampers the childs growth and the future destiny. [S.B.Khatskel- 2006] The is dilemma is that though working women balances both work and home delegates, but still she is not counted as a bread winner or given equal status by the society. She is shouldering the entire burden of the house, but is left unrewarded forever. My third participants would be the employer. As the growing economy tend to need the man power to control the workforce. Women with high pace of education are entering in to the market. Though all the working mothers are supported with the legislation they are finding it difficult to get the jobs. Most of the working mothers are out of job because the dilemmas most employers are facing. Most of the employers avoid child bearing women due to the implementation of the maternity leaves. Nearly 63% employers take these maternity laws as a serious threat to their industries. Many other employers face difficulties to hire mothers on work due to various variation occurring into the support of the working mothers.[Maternity laws hurting women job prospects, News-2007] My fourth participant would be Single Parent. All the working mothers undergo various difficulties. But when we judge and observe a single parent she has double difficulties. She has double difficulties that of emotional and financial balance of the home, for being the bread winner of the house. Single parents families are always under indefinite security, because they cannot predict about the future of their employment. More attention is required as you go at higher level and managerial level; ultimately the dilemma is less hours are dedicated towards the children. The biggest dilemma of the single parent is that every working mothers get holiday but an unsupported working mother is hanged on with day today difficulties throughout her life.[How working mothers manage-1970] Single parents find it difficult at times to choose an affordable childcare option at the proper time and at the right place, this is more effective to single parenting because of lack of support from there life partners, which is stated by- Kate research officer. Especially when mothers have to work for more hours to get more financial support for her family. It becomes more difficult when mothers get low wages to provide a good childcare for her child. [Walesonline.co.uk] The financial conditions of single parent and their children depends upon the group of support structure. Various structures which support the single parents are friends, neighbour, and communities. This shows a crystal clear picture that lone parents can very rarely be financially free. Histarically mothers were not accepted to be working. Nurturing children and also to become the breadwinner for the family is observed to be a drastic burden for the single parents, and disadvantages to their children. [Randy Albelda ,Susan Himmelweit -2004] My fifth participant would be the Husband. The important factor for the working mother would be the right and supporting husband. She may be linked with high position and status or a perfect employer, but if there is no positive signal from her husband towards her working, then she is sure of taking her marital relationship into risk. It is quite sure that it is the husband not the children who sacrifices most when mothers are working. Though culturally saying he understands that women place is inside the house. But still various dilemmas occur into the mind of husband stating that he was deprived of something which he actually expected out of marriage. His dilemma is marriage is not solemnized just for sake of having sex or reproduction of children, and their after looking after them alternatively. Both the partners should have sufficient and class time for each other especially the working mother who is unable to give time for her husband due to busy schedule time.[How working moth ers manage-1970] INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON This international comparison is done just to support my case study. In Asian countries especially in India it is always observed that whether it is a joint family or a neutral family working mother are always supported by their in laws and all the other nonworking members of the family. Support such as childcare, mothers health care, sometimes even the home delegates are fully taken care of. When we compare Britain with India there is a huge difference that of support to the working mother. In India working mothers are given all round support to perform her dual career managements. Grandparents take the place of all the nannies as a privilege to look after their grandchildren.[Working mothers; How much working, and where is the woomanhood-2009] SUGGESTIONS The modern womanhood is epitomized by the professional mothers. The working mothers need to be supported by the modern work providers and the employers, transforming its look from male dominance to gender neutrality. The nuclear family and the joint family unit both need to understand the need and the support a working mother is expecting out. There should be good quality and affordable childcare, where mothers are at peace at their work place. CONCLUSION To sum up it is quite easy to be a woman, mother, and an achiever. Many have achieved it through the back up of society, but many have fought through out there life to prove it. In todays competitive world it is the necessity for the mothers to be working, like their partners to support all angles of their house. As we are living in the advanced world, and still undergoing the male dominating society, should not acknowledge that working mothers are bad mothers. On the contrary should always support and consider working mothers as good mothers. While serving as a mother and also managing her flourishing professional career gives a credit to the working mothers as a sign of completeness of being a woman. The various dilemmas a working mother undergoes are lack of time, and a feeling of guilt for getting deprived of her parenting duties. Many rewards are showered on her, rewards such as personal status, improved economy, and up liftment of family standards .Women work when their spouse is incompetent, or earns inadequate money for the family. A second income adds as an a source of extra income which uplifts the standards and releases the stressful life of the whole family. Working mother should always keep reminding to her family members that she is not working for her leisure, but only and only for the betterment of her family. However it is quite possible for a mother to fight for her right to get her professional right in many different ways. A general person will accept her hard work by saying oh! She earns extra money, but women is never recognized for her hard work which she renders for the whole family. To achieve all the rewards, compromising balance is required at individual level and at work place, which helps the working mothers to satisfy the two careers of her life i.e. a professional career and the motherhood balance.

The Evolution of Human Skin Color Essay -- Human Evolution, 2015

According to Darwin and his theory on evolution, organisms are presented with nature’s challenge of environmental change. Those that possess the characteristics of adapting to such challenges are successful in leaving their genes behind and ensuring that their lineage will continue. It is natural selection, where nature can perform tiny to mass sporadic experiments on its organisms, and the results can be interesting from extinction to significant changes within a species. Human beings are no exception to biological evolution. Like other organisms around the world, humans have significantly changed overtime and have developed all sorts of diverse characteristics. One noticeable characteristic of human beings is the variation of skin color. Skin color has been used to identify, classify, and verify the variation that exists in the human population around the world. How did such a distinct variation arise and how did it play into adaptation? I’ve often heard that â€Å"humans came from monkeys,† or something similar. It is true that humans’ ancestors were primates, who first resided in warm and sunny Africa; they had similar features to today’s apes, such as a hairy body. The purpose of the vast amount of hair was to protect the body from the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays and to prevent overheating, mainly by acting as a barrier for the skin underneath the hair (Jablonski, 598). Some parts of the body such as palms were not covered with hair, but with sweat glands. Sweat glands allowed the body to cool off via evaporation at the surface of the skin; sweat glands were more efficient at thermoregulation. Overtime, early humans with a high amount of sweat glands were selected for since they had the best method at the time to keep themselves cool in warm environments (Kirchweger). This meant that overtime, humans lost most of their hair on their bodies, leaving their skin exposed. Sweat gland s were going to help the body to cool down, but they couldn’t protect the skin from harmful UV rays. This is where melanin worked its magic, and it’s the reason for the diversity in skin color today. Melanin helps reduce the absorption of wavelengths into the skin (Chaplin, Jablonski, 59). The more melanin in the skin, the greater the protection against harmful UV rays, and the amount of melanin in the skin correlates with the skin’s color (more melanin means darker skin).... ...m all over the world, with all hues of skin colors. With interracial dating and marriages and more â€Å"mixing† of skin colors, there are multiracial children with various skin colors. Genetically, it enhances variation within the individual, but what about variation within the species? I heard a joke once that eventually in the future, everyone will be beige. Will everyone mix together to an extent that there will be little to no variation anymore, at least skin deep? It’s an interesting concept to think of. At the moment, I believe that there is enough diversity within the human species that we don’t need to worry about the lack of variation in the near future. For now, we can appreciate the diversity of skin colors that has allowed our ancestors to adapt to their environments and survive. It has allowed them to create a lineage of who we are today. Works Cited: 1) Chaplin, G. Jablonski, N. â€Å"The Evolution of Human Skin Coloration.† Journal of Human Evolution 39 (2000) 57-106 2) Jablonski N. â€Å"The Evolution of Human Skin and Skin Color† Annual Reviews Anthropology 33 (2004) 585-623 3) Kirchweger G. â€Å"The Biology of†¦ Skin Color† Discover 22 (2001)